ATP-dependent remodeling of chromatin condensates uncovers distinct mesoscale effects of two remodelers

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes mobilize nucleosomes, but how such mobilization affects chromatin condensation is unclear. Here, we investigate effects of two major remodelers, ACF and RSC using chromatin condensates and single-molecule footprinting. We find that both remodelers inhibit the formation of condensed chromatin. However, the remodelers have distinct effects on pre-formed chromatin condensates. ACF spaces nucleosomes without de-condensing the chromatin, explaining how ACF maintains nucleosome organization in transcriptionally repressed genomic regions. In contrast, RSC catalyzes ATP-dependent de-condensation of chromatin. Surprisingly, RSC also drives micron-scale movements of entire condensates. These newly uncovered activities of RSC explain its central role in transcriptional activation. The biological importance of remodelers may thus reflect both their effects on nucleosome mobilization and the corresponding consequences on chromatin dynamics at the mesoscale.