Black phosphorus film as Q-switcher in neodymium-doped fiber laser

We present the successful development of a 1089.4 nm Q-switched laser employing a neodymium-doped fiber (NDF) as the active fiber and black phosphorus (BP) as the saturable absorber (SA). The BP SA was fabricated by inserting BP compound into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) host polymer, exhibiting a saturable absorption of 2.8 %. Integrated into an NDFL ring cavity, the SA modified the cavity loss, enabling the production of Q-switched pulses. With an increase in the 808 nm pumping power from 108.6 to 155.9 mW, the laser output pulse duration decreased from 3.74 to 3.54 μs, while the repetition rate improved from 40.6 to 51.0 kHz. The laser demonstrated a stable pulse train output, with a fundamental frequency signal to background noise ratio of 45.78 dB. The highest pulse energy of 1.3 nJ was recorded at 155.9 mW pump power. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first utilization of BP as a SA or Q-switcher within an NDFL cavity.