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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors
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Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors

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Cell Type-Specific Modulation of Acute Itch Processing in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex.

Jiaqi Li1,2, Yang Bai3, Junye Ge1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Basic Medical Science Academy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|September 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified opposing roles for anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons in modulating itch. Glutamatergic neurons promote scratching, while GABAergic neurons

Keywords:
GABAergic neuronsanterior cingulate cortexglutamatergic neuronsitchmediodorsal thalamus

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pruritus Research
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • The cortical processing of itch (pruritus) remains incompletely understood despite advances in its fundamental mechanisms.
  • The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in the sensory and affective components of itch, but its specific neuronal contributions are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the causal roles of distinct anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neuronal populations in modulating acute itch behaviors in a mouse model.
  • To identify specific neuronal circuits within the ACC and their thalamic inputs involved in itch perception and scratching.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cell type-specific genetic manipulations in mice to target glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the ACC.
  • Employed fiber photometry to measure neuronal activation during scratching induced by various pruritogens.
  • Combined cell type-specific and projection-specific techniques to map thalamocortical circuits influencing itch.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated opposing functions of ACC glutamatergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) neurons in regulating acute itch.
  • Showed activation of ACC glutamatergic neurons during histamine- and chloroquine-induced scratching.
  • Identified a mediodorsal thalamus to ACC parvalbumin-expressing neuron circuit driving itch-scratching cycles for both histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch.

Conclusions:

  • Established a cellular and circuit signature of ACC neurons orchestrating behavioral responses to acute itch.
  • Revealed distinct roles for glutamatergic and GABAergic ACC subpopulations in itch modulation.
  • Provided insights into thalamocortical pathways involved in itch, potentially informing therapeutic strategies for pruritic conditions.