Differential effects of magnesium on tubulin-nucleotide interactions

Magnesium-depleted 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonate (Mes), glutamate, tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins were prepared and used to study the effects of exogenously added MgCl2 on tubulin-nucleotide interactions in 0.1 M Mes with microtubule-associated proteins and in 1.0 M glutamate. Endogenous levels of Mg2+ in the systems studied were approximately stoichiometric with the tubulin concentrations and largely derived from the tubulin. We examined the effects of added Mg2+ on tubulin polymerization, GDP inhibition of polymerization, binding of GDP and GTP to tubulin, and GTP hydrolysis. Exogenously added Mg2+ had markedly different effects on these reactions. The order of their sensitivity for a requirement for added Mg2+ was as follows: GTP binding greater than GTP hydrolysis greater than polymerization greater than GDP binding. Inhibition of polymerization by GDP varied inversely with the Mg2+ concentration and was greatest in the absence of the cation. These results indicate that GDP and GDP-Mg2+ interact with similar affinity at the exchangeable site, while GTP-Mg2+ has a higher affinity for tubulin than does free GTP. Nevertheless, under appropriate conditions, free GTP can interact sufficiently well with tubulin to permit both nucleation and elongation reactions.