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Related Concept Videos

In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features....
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Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Genetic Manipulation in &Delta;ku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii
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Programmed DNA elimination.

Kazufumi Mochizuki1

  • 1Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

Current Biology : CB
|September 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Most cells share identical genomes, but developing blood cells in vertebrates are an exception. V(D)J recombination shuffles gene segments in lymphocytes, creating diverse antigen-binding regions for T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Multicellular organisms typically maintain identical genomes across somatic cells.
  • This genomic uniformity enables processes like somatic cell reprogramming and cloning.
  • An exception exists in the vertebrate immune system, specifically in developing lymphocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the exception to the one-body-one-genome principle in vertebrate blood cells.
  • To introduce the process of V(D)J recombination in lymphocyte development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established biological principles of cellular identity.
  • Description of V(D)J recombination as a unique genetic mechanism.

Main Results:

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Generation of Genomic Deletions in Mammalian Cell Lines via CRISPR/Cas9
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Electroporation-Based CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in THP-1 Cells and Single-Cell Clone Isolation

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  • Vertebrate lymphocytes exhibit genomic diversity not found in other somatic cells.
  • V(D)J recombination is the mechanism responsible for this genomic variation.

Conclusions:

  • The principle of identical genomes across an individual's cells is not universally applicable.
  • V(D)J recombination in lymphocytes is a critical process for adaptive immunity.