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Bonobo geophagy at Wamba.

Kazuya Toda1, David Fasbender2

  • 1Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Syonankokusaimura, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan.

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Bonobos consume soil from termite mounds, which is rich in iron. This geophagy may help supplement their diet, particularly for adolescents, though further research is needed on iron bioavailability.

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Area of Science:

  • Primate behavior
  • Animal nutrition
  • Geophagy

Background:

  • Geophagy, or earth consumption, is common in animals.
  • Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are known to consume soil from Cubitermes termite mounds, but the reasons are unclear.
  • This study investigates the hypothesis that bonobo geophagy serves as iron supplementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if Cubitermes termite mound soil is a rich iron source for bonobos.
  • To determine the frequency and seasonality of bonobo geophagy.
  • To assess if geophagy varies by sex, pregnancy status, or age group.

Main Methods:

  • Soil samples from termite mounds were analyzed for iron content.
  • Bonobo geophagic behavior was observed over 116 days using focal animal sampling.
  • Consumption frequency was compared across different demographic groups (sex, pregnancy, age).

Main Results:

  • Termite mound soil showed significantly higher iron content compared to other food sources.
  • Geophagy was observed frequently (41.3% of days) and consistently across seasons.
  • Adolescents consumed termite mound soil more often than adults, but no significant differences were found based on sex or pregnancy status.

Conclusions:

  • Findings partially support the Iron Supplementation Hypothesis for bonobo geophagy.
  • Cubitermes termite mound soils represent a potential iron source for bonobos.
  • Further in vitro studies are necessary to confirm iron bioavailability and absorption efficacy.