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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

186
Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
186
Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

240
Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
240
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

172
Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in...
172
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

241
Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
241
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

329
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
329
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

302
Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
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Toward a Radically Simple Multi-Modal Nasal Spray for Preventing Respiratory Infections.

John Joseph1,2,3, Helna Mary Baby1,2, Joselyn Rojas Quintero3,4

  • 1Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel nasal spray, Pathogen Capture and Neutralizing Spray (PCANS), offers enhanced protection against respiratory infections by capturing and neutralizing pathogens. This multi-modal approach demonstrates significant efficacy in preclinical models.

Keywords:
antibacterialantiviralbroad spectrum protectionnasal prophylaxisnasal spraypathogen capturerespiratory infectionsvirus neutralization

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Current nasal sprays for respiratory infection prophylaxis offer limited protection (20-70%) due to single mechanisms of action.
  • Existing sprays fail to effectively capture respiratory droplets, allowing pathogen entry into deeper airways.
  • A multi-modal approach is needed to enhance the efficacy of nasal pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate the Pathogen Capture and Neutralizing Spray (PCANS) for enhanced respiratory infection prophylaxis.
  • To assess the efficacy of PCANS' multi-modal mechanism in capturing and neutralizing airborne pathogens.
  • To determine the protective duration and survival rates conferred by PCANS in a preclinical model.

Main Methods:

  • PCANS formulation utilizes FDA-approved excipients for pathogen capture, physical barrier formation, and rapid neutralization (>99.99%).
  • Nasal retention of PCANS was evaluated in a mouse model, showing retention up to 8 hours.
  • Efficacy was tested in a severe Influenza A mouse model following a single pre-exposure dose of PCANS.

Main Results:

  • PCANS demonstrated >99.99% reduction in lung viral titer in the Influenza A mouse model.
  • A single dose of PCANS resulted in 100% survival in mice, compared to 0% in the control group.
  • PCANS suppressed pathological manifestations and provided protection for at least 4 hours.

Conclusions:

  • PCANS represents a significant advancement in nasal pre-exposure prophylaxis for respiratory infections.
  • The multi-modal approach of PCANS effectively captures, neutralizes, and blocks a broad spectrum of pathogens.
  • PCANS shows promise as a safe and effective daily prophylactic agent against respiratory infections.