Human foot force suggests different balance control between younger and older adults

Aging can cause the decline of balance ability, which can lead to increased falls and decreased mobility. This work aimed to discern differences in balance control between healthy older and younger adults. Foot force data of 38 older and 65 younger participants (older and younger than 60 yr, respectively) were analyzed. To first determine whether the two groups exhibited any differences, this study incorporated the orientation of the foot-ground interaction force in addition to its point of application. Specifically, the frequency dependence of the "intersection point" of the lines of actions of the foot-ground interaction forces was evaluated. Results demonstrated that, like the mean center-of-pressure speed, a traditionally employed measure, the intersection-point analysis could distinguish between the two participant groups. Then, to further explore age-specific control strategies, simulations of standing balance were conducted. An optimal controller stabilized a double-inverted-pendulum model with torque-actuated ankle and hip joints corrupted with white noise. The experimental data were compared with the simulation results to identify the controller parameters that best described the human data. Older participants showed significantly more use of the ankle than hip compared with younger participants. Best-fit controller gains suggested increased preference for asymmetric inter-joint neural feedback, possibly to compensate for the effects of aging such as sarcopenia. These results underscore the advantages of the intersection-point analysis to quantify possible shifts in inter-joint control with age, thus highlighting its potential to be used as a balance assessment tool in research and clinical settings.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Age groups were distinguished by analyzing foot-ground force data during quiet standing in older and younger adults to calculate the foot-force vector intersection point that emerges across frequency bands. Modeling balance and comparing the simulations' outcomes to experimental results suggested that older adults increased reliance on neural feedback, possibly compensating for muscle strength deficiency. This novel analysis also quantified the apparent balance controller for each participant, highlighting its potential as a balance assessment tool.