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Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
Published on: February 10, 2015
A comprehensive review of scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM): evaluation, classification, and treatment
Cemil Cihad Gedik1, İlker Eren1, Mehmet Demirhan1
1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Abstract:
The term "dyskinesia" has often been used interchangeably with "winging," leading to ambiguity in the literature. To address this, the broader term "scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM)" was introduced to describe any abnormal position or movement of the scapula on the chest, resulting in pain and dysfunction. Scapulothoracic abnormal motion has a wide range of causes, including musculoskeletal imbalances such as pectoralis minor hyperactivity, neurological impairments such as long thoracic nerve palsy, and genetic conditions like facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). This review aims to identify the different causes and classifications of STAM and to propose a detailed treatment algorithm specifically designed to manage these conditions effectively.
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