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Severe Pneumonia and Cytomegalovirus Coinfection in Infants with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Wonashi R Tsanglao1, Maitreyee Joshi2, Tenukala Aier1

  • 1Consultant, MD Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Christian Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Dimapur, Nagaland, India.

Indian Journal of Public Health
|September 25, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes fatal pneumonia in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Early detection and care are crucial for infants with HIV and suspected CMV coinfection, especially in India.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a known cause of fatal pneumonia in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • Limited literature exists on pediatric HIV and CMV coinfection in India.
  • Severe pneumonia presents a significant mortality risk in HIV-infected infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe cases of severe pneumonia in infants with HIV in India.
  • To investigate the role of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) coinfection in these cases.
  • To highlight the importance of antenatal and postnatal care for HIV-positive mothers and their infants.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of six infants with HIV presenting with severe pneumonia.
  • Detection of CMV coinfection using urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • Review of antenatal and postnatal care access for all cases.

Main Results:

  • Four out of six infants with HIV had confirmed CMV coinfection.
  • All four infants with CMV coinfection died from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
  • The two infants without CMV coinfection survived.

Conclusions:

  • A high index of suspicion for CMV is warranted in HIV-infected infants with severe pneumonia.
  • CMV pneumonia diagnosis in this population can be challenging.
  • Antenatal and postnatal care are critical for managing HIV and preventing opportunistic infections like CMV in infants.
Abstract

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