Acarbose enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy against solid tumours by modulating the gut microbiota

The crucial role of gut microbiota in shaping immunotherapy outcomes has prompted investigations into potential modulators. Here we show that oral administration of acarbose significantly increases the anti-tumour response to anti-PD-1 therapy in female tumour-bearing mice. Acarbose modulates the gut microbiota composition and tryptophan metabolism, thereby contributing to changes in chemokine expression and increased T cell infiltration within tumours. We identify CD8⁺ T cells as pivotal components determining the efficacy of the combined therapy. Further experiments reveal that acarbose promotes CD8⁺ T cell recruitment through the CXCL10-CXCR3 pathway. Faecal microbiota transplantation and gut microbiota depletion assays indicate that the effects of acarbose are dependent on the gut microbiota. Specifically, acarbose enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy via the tryptophan catabolite indoleacetate, which promotes CXCL10 expression and thus facilitates CD8⁺ T cell recruitment, sensitizing tumours to anti-PD-1 therapy. The bacterial species Bifidobacterium infantis, which is enriched by acarbose, also improves response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Together, our study endorses the potential combination of acarbose and anti-PD-1 for cancer immunotherapy.