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Layers of the Epidermis01:21

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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
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Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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Introduction to the Integumentary System01:25

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The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining homeostasis. The integumentary system serves several functions including protection, regulation, sensation, and secretion.
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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
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A tissue membrane is a thin layer of cells that covers the outside of the body, the organs, internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body, and the lining of the moveable joint cavities. There are two basic types of tissue membranes— connective tissue and epithelial membranes.
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Structure, function and formation of the amniote skin pattern.

Carole Desmarquet-Trin Dinh1, Marie Manceau1

  • 1Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, France.

Developmental Biology
|September 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Skin patterns in amniotes, like stripes and spots, are vital ornaments. Research reveals these diverse patterns arise from embryonic skin compartment formation mechanisms.

Keywords:
AmniotesAppendage patternColour patternEcological functionFormationNatural variation

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Skin appendages and coloration in amniotes form diverse patterns crucial for fitness.
  • Phenotypic surveys reveal conserved themes in the variation of these patterns across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review natural variation in amniote skin patterns and their ecological functions.
  • To synthesize decades of research on the molecular and morphogenetic mechanisms of pattern formation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of naturalist observations.
  • Analysis of genetic studies.
  • Mathematical modeling.
  • Experimental embryology.

Main Results:

  • Identified conserved themes in the orientation, appendage-specificity, and pigmentation of skin patterns.
  • Elucidated molecular and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying pattern formation.
  • Linked morphological trends to embryonic skin compartment development.

Conclusions:

  • The diversity of amniote skin patterns is rooted in embryonic developmental mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into evolutionary trends and ecological functions.