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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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Applications of Stress01:04

Applications of Stress

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Consider a structure made of a boom and a rod designed to support a load. These two components are connected by a pin and stabilized by brackets and pins. The boom and the rod are detached from their supports to assess the different stresses imposed on this structure, and a free-body diagram is drawn. Then, all the forces applied, including the load acting on the structure, are identified. The reaction forces exerted on both the boom and the rod are computed using the equilibrium equations.
The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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Upper Extremity Stress Fractures.

Ezekial J Koslosky1,2, David M Heath1,2, Cameron L Atkison3,4

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.

Sports Medicine - Open
|September 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upper extremity stress fractures are often missed due to subtle symptoms. Early diagnosis and management, typically conservative, are crucial for resolution and preventing complications.

Keywords:
ClavicleHumerusRibsScapulaStress fractureUlna

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Stress injuries, including fractures, can be challenging to diagnose due to subtle onset and imaging findings.
  • Early recognition is vital as these injuries can escalate if overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To offer guidance on evaluating and treating upper extremity stress fractures.
  • To detail diagnostic and management strategies for these common injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of classic fracture presentations, typical age groups, and injury mechanisms.
  • Discussion of relevant anatomy and biomechanics.
  • Analysis of diagnostic imaging techniques and management principles, including conservative and surgical options.

Main Results:

  • Upper extremity stress fractures commonly present with milder symptoms and subtle imaging characteristics.
  • A range of ages are affected, with specific fracture types having characteristic presentations.
  • Conservative management is often effective, but surgical intervention may be indicated in some cases.

Conclusions:

  • Upper extremity stress fractures are frequently mild and respond well to conservative treatment.
  • Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to prevent complications and ensure favorable outcomes.
  • Increasing incidence necessitates greater clinician familiarity with these injuries.