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Immunomodulation in dengue: towards deciphering dengue severity markers.

Manoj Kumar Dash1, Sagnika Samal1, Shailesh Rout1

  • 1School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.

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|September 26, 2024
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Summary

This review details immune markers in dengue pathogenesis. Severe dengue cases show higher expression of specific cytokines and immune cells, aiding in diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Aedes mosquitoesAdaptive immunityDengueImmunomodulatorInnate immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Dengue is a significant vector-borne disease with varying severity, from mild fever to severe dengue.
  • Both innate and adaptive immune responses are crucial in dengue infection, with innate immunity dominant in primary infections and adaptive immunity in secondary infections.
  • Understanding immune responses is key to understanding dengue pathogenesis and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review immune response markers associated with dengue pathogenesis.
  • To explore the role of specific immune cells and cytokines in dengue severity.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for dengue diagnosis and severity assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on innate and adaptive immune responses to dengue virus (DENV).
  • Analysis of immune cell involvement, including monocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes.
  • Examination of cytokine profiles, including pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IFN-I, ILs) and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Main Results:

  • Innate immunity involves pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-I, ILs) and TLRs, with monocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells as primary infected cells.
  • Adaptive immunity relies on B and T lymphocytes, leading to antibody production that can cause antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in secondary infections.
  • Severe dengue is associated with elevated levels of specific markers: TLR2, TNF-α, IFN-I, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-10, intermediate monocytes (CD14+CD16+), and Th17 (CD4+IL-17+) cells.

Conclusions:

  • Modulated expression of immune markers is characteristic of dengue progression, particularly in severe cases.
  • Specific markers like TLR2, TNF-α, and certain cytokines/immune cells are highly expressed in severe dengue.
  • These identified markers hold potential for improving dengue severity assessment, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.