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pH Scale

pH Scale

Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...

pH

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. However, the extensive range of hydronium ion concentrations present in water-based solutions makes measuring pH in moles cumbersome. Therefore, a pH scale was developed to convert moles of hydronium ions into the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion...

pH Regulation in Cells

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge on cellular membranes, and is crucial for metabolic reactions inside the cell. Moreover, cells use the energy from the proton motive force to generate ATP.
Cytosolic pH
Under physiological conditions, the cytosolic pH is slightly more acidic than the extracellular pH. However, cells must prevent further acidification of their cytosol to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Single Liposome Measurements for the Study of Proton-Pumping Membrane Enzymes Using Electrochemistry and Fluorescent Microscopy

Single Liposome Measurements for the Study of Proton-Pumping Membrane Enzymes Using Electrochemistry and Fluorescent Microscopy

Published on: February 21, 2019

Dual Centrifugation-Based Screening for pH-Responsive Liposomes.

Lukas Gleue¹, Barbara Graefen², Matthias Voigt^1,3

¹Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.

|September 27, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel screening method to develop liposomal drug delivery systems with intermediate membrane stability. The approach identifies pH-responsive liposomes with improved cargo retention and release for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords:

Drug delivery Dual centrifugation Intracellular release Liposomes Screening concept

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Biotechnology
Materials Science

Background:

Liposomal drug delivery faces challenges in maintaining membrane stability to prevent premature leakage and ensure targeted payload release.
Developing liposomes with controlled stability is crucial for effective therapeutic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a rapid screening approach for identifying liposomal formulations with intermediate membrane stability.
To discover novel pH-responsive liposomes for enhanced drug delivery applications.

Main Methods:

Utilized a dual centrifugation technique for accelerated screening of binary lipid combinations.
Investigated liposomal formulations at the "edge of stability" for controlled destabilization.
Incorporated pH-sensitive cholesterol derivatives to create acid-labile liposomes.

Main Results:

Identified three lead liposomal formulations exhibiting shelf-life stability, acceptable cargo retention, and efficient pH-responsive release in vitro.
Demonstrated promising in cellulo uptake and intracellular cargo release for lead candidates.
Showcased in vivo performance advantages of the developed liposomes compared to controls.

Conclusions:

The developed screening approach effectively identifies liposomal formulations at the "edge of stability" for pH-responsive drug delivery.
This method facilitates the discovery of advanced liposomal systems that would be difficult to find through rational design alone.
The identified pH-responsive liposomes show significant potential for improving drug delivery efficacy.