Recent advances in neurotechnology-based biohybrid robots

Biohybrid robots retain the innate biological characteristics and behavioral traits of animals, making them valuable in applications such as disaster relief, exploration of unknown terrains, and medical care. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the evolution of biohybrid robots, their key technologies and applications, and the challenges they face. By analyzing studies conducted on terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial biohybrid robots, we gain a deeper understanding of how these technologies have made significant progress in simulating natural organisms, improving mechanical performance, and intelligent control. Additionally, we address challenges associated with the application of electrical stimulation technology, the precision of neural signal monitoring, and the ethical considerations for biohybrid robots. We highlight the importance of future research focusing on developing more sophisticated and biocompatible control methods while prioritizing animal welfare. We believe that exploring multimodal monitoring and stimulation technologies holds the potential to enhance the performance of biohybrid robots. These efforts are expected to pave the way for biohybrid robotics technology to introduce greater innovation and well-being to human society in the future.