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Menstrual Dysfunction in Adolescent Female Athletes.

Valeria Calcaterra1,2, Matteo Vandoni3, Alice Bianchi2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.

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|September 27, 2024
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Summary

Excessive exercise can cause menstrual dysfunction (MD) in adolescent female athletes. Early recognition and management, alongside education, are vital for their reproductive health and athletic performance.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Adolescent Health

Background:

  • Exercise offers health benefits, but excessive training can lead to long-term health issues, including menstrual dysfunction (MD).
  • Adolescent female athletes are a vulnerable group where the interplay between training, maturation, and reproductive health is critical.
  • Understanding the multifactorial nature of MD in this population is essential for timely intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between physical exercise and menstrual dysfunction (MD) in adolescent female athletes.
  • To highlight factors contributing to MD in young athletes.
  • To support menstrual health monitoring and reproductive risk education.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review.
  • It synthesizes existing literature on exercise, training loads, and menstrual dysfunction in adolescent female athletes.
  • Key contributing factors such as energy availability, body mass index, disordered eating, and psychological stress were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Certain sports with high training loads and early competitive careers show a higher prevalence of MD.
  • Low energy intake, low body mass index, disordered eating behaviors, and psychological stress exacerbate MD in athletes.
  • The type of sport and individual psycho-physiological factors influence the manifestation of MD.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification and management of MD are crucial for adolescent female athletes.
  • Collaboration between sports organizations and health professionals is necessary for proper nutrition and training-recovery balance.
  • Open discussions and educational programs can improve awareness, diagnosis, treatment, and reduce injury risk, enhancing sports performance.