Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 11, 2025
Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System
Published on: September 20, 2018
Urinary Incontinence in Nulliparous Female Elite Athletes: A Mixed Methods Exploration
Zoe S Gan1, Andrea Bilger2, Ariana L Smith1
1From the Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.
Importance:
Urinary incontinence (UI) occurs in 40-50% of nulliparous female elite athletes. However, causative factors, management, and perceptions of UI in this population are suboptimally understood.
Objectives:
The objectives of this study were to (1) identify factors that precipitate UI in nulliparous female elite athletes and (2) explore management strategies for UI and its effect on sports performance and quality of life.
Study Design:
This was a cross-sectional, mixed-methods study in Division 1, college-aged nulliparous female athletes. Surveys assessed demographics, sport characteristics, relevant medical history, bladder symptoms during exercise, and validated genitourinary symptom questionnaires (Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Network Symptom Index-29, Female Genitourinary Pain Index). Data were compared between symptomatic athletes (who had ever experienced urinary leakage during exercise) and asymptomatic athletes. Symptomatic athletes discussed their experiences with UI in focus groups.
Results:
Symptomatic athletes (33/67, 49%) had more asthma (21% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.027) and constipation (15% vs. 0%, P = 0.025), were more sexually active (76% vs. 44%, P = 0.008), and had worse overall urinary symptoms and genitourinary pain than asymptomatic athletes. They described both stress and urgency incontinence precipitated by various factors, including running, jumping, sustained efforts, and stressful situations. Many described voiding frequently before and during exercise. Despite increasing normalization of UI in the female athlete population since the onset of adolescence and variable degrees of bother, interest in improving symptom management was common.
Conclusions:
Urinary incontinence in nulliparous female elite athletes may be multifactorial given its association with medical, behavioral, exercise-specific, and environmental conditions, which may be explored longitudinally to inform prevention and treatment strategies.
