Secondary diabetes mellitus in acromegaly: Case report and literature review

Acromegaly, predominantly resulting from a pituitary adenoma, is marked by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, normalization of blood glucose levels posttreatment is rarely achieved. This case study aims to highlight the diagnostic challenges posed by overlapping symptoms of acromegaly and diabetes, emphasizing the importance of precise diagnosis and effective treatment strategies for optimal patient outcomes.

A 22-year-old male was hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis and exhibited classic signs of acromegaly, such as enlarged hands and feet, and distinct facial changes.

The patient's diagnosis of acromegaly, attributed to a pituitary adenoma, was confirmed through clinical observations, laboratory findings (notably raised serum GH and IGF-1 levels, and absence of GH suppression after glucose load during an OGTT), and pituitary MRI scans.

The patient underwent 2 surgical tumor resections followed by gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS). After treatment, GH, IGF-1, and blood glucose levels normalized without further need for hypoglycemic intervention.

Posttreatment, the patient achieved stable GH, IGF-1, and blood glucose levels. The hyperglycemia was attributed to the GH-secreting tumor, and its resolution followed the tumor's removal.

This case emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessment in patients with acromegaly to address coexisting diabetic complications. Surgical and radiotherapeutic management of acromegaly can lead to significant metabolic improvements, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary care in managing these complex cases.