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Stochastic Gravitational Waves from Early Structure Formation.

Nicolas Fernandez1, Joshua W Foster2, Benjamin Lillard3

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Early matter-dominated eras can generate gravitational waves. Nonlinear effects significantly boost this background, making it detectable with future observations, even for small cosmic perturbations.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Astrophysics
  • Gravitational Wave Astronomy

Background:

  • Early matter-dominated eras (EMDEs) are predicted by early Universe models.
  • These eras can produce a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) during the transition to a radiation-dominated universe.
  • Previous studies focused on the linear regime of SGWB production, neglecting nonlinear effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform the first comprehensive calculation of gravitational wave (GW) production in the nonlinear regime of EMDEs.
  • To investigate GW generation from both a metastable matter species and its decay products.
  • To determine the impact of nonlinearities on the SGWB spectrum.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a hybrid N-body and lattice simulation approach.
  • Simulated EMDEs long enough for density contrasts to exceed unity.
  • Studied GW production from matter decay and resulting radiation.

Main Results:

  • Nonlinearities were found to significantly enhance GW production.
  • Enhanced GW production extends to high frequencies, related to the largest halo structures.
  • The resulting SGWB is potentially detectable by future experiments, depending on reheating temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear dynamics in EMDEs are crucial for accurate SGWB predictions.
  • The study opens new avenues for probing early Universe physics through gravitational waves.
  • Future observations could constrain cosmological models based on detected SGWB.