Biological cell response to electric field: a review of equivalent circuit models and future challenges

Biological cells, characterized by complex and dynamic structures, demand precise models for comprehensive understanding, especially when subjected to external factors such as electric fields (EF) for manipulation or treatment. This interaction is integral to technologies like pulsed electric fields (PEF), inducing reversible and irreversible structural variations. Our study explores both simplified and sophisticated equivalent circuit models for biological cells under the influence of an external EF, covering diverse cell structures from single- to double-shell configurations. The paper highlights challenges in circuit modeling, specifically addressing the incorporation of reversible or irreversible pores in the membrane during external EF interactions, emphasizing the need for further research to refine technical aspects in this field. Additionally, we review a comparative analysis of the performance and applicability of the proposed circuit models, providing insights into their strengths and limitations. This contributes to a deeper insight of the complexities associated with modeling biological cells under external EF influences, paving the way for enhanced applications in medical and technological domains in future.