Genophenotypic correlates and long-term outcome prognosticators of left ventricular non-compaction in children

To investigate the outcomes, clinical prognosticators, and genetic profiles of pediatric left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC).

All subjects were <18 years old, diagnosed with LVNC between January 2008 and December 2020. Whole-exome sequencing was undertaken. The primary endpoint was composite outcome, including death, heart transplant, and left ventricular assist device implantation.

Thirty-three patients were enrolled, males predominating (57.6%). Median age at diagnosis was 0.33 (0.1-7.2) years. Family history was documented in four (12.1%). Five (15.2%) had sustained arrhythmias. Mean follow-up period was 9.5 years, and 5- and 10-year event-free survival were 84.8% and 66.9%, respectively. Seven died of heart failure, four received heart transplants, and one required left ventricular assist device placement. Log of baseline NT-proBNP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.4, p = 0.012) and lack of improvement in NT-proBNP (aOR = 41.2, p = 0.033) impacted the primary outcome most significantly. Eighteen out of 25 genetic testing (72%) revealed chromosomal anomalies, or pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. Three genetic variants (PLEKHM2 p.G419R, RYR2 p.V2571A, and SCN5A p.M1676I) were significantly associated with the primary outcome (p = 1.52 × 10^-6).

Pediatric LVNC is a rare disorder with variable genetic underpinnings. Baseline NT-proBNP values and lack of improvement in NT-proBNP levels were important predictors of poor long-term outcomes. Pathogenic genetic variants or chromosomal anomalies are not unusual.