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Research progress and challenges of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in gliomas
Dong Jiacheng1, Cui Jiayue2, Guo Ying2
1Department of Neurosurgery, Jilin Provincial Hospital, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
Abstract:
The emergence of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunosuppressants provides new therapeutic directions for various advanced malignant cancers. At present, PD-1/PD-L1 immunosuppressants have made significant progress in clinical trials of some gliomas, but PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have not yet shown convincing clinical efficacy in gliomas. This article summarizes the research progress of the PD-1 /PD-L1 pathway in gliomas through the following three aspects. It mainly includes the complex expression levels and regulatory mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 in the glioma microenvironment, the immune infiltration in glioma immunosuppressive microenvironment, and research progress on the application of PD-1/PD-L1 immunosuppressants in clinical treatment trials for gliomas. This will help to understand the current treatment progress and future research directions better.
Insights
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors show promise for advanced cancers. However, their efficacy in gliomas remains limited, necessitating further research into the tumor microenvironment and treatment strategies.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
- Neuro-oncology
Background:
- Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors represent novel therapeutic strategies for advanced cancers.
- While showing progress in some glioma clinical trials, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have not yet demonstrated convincing clinical efficacy in gliomas.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current research on the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in gliomas.
- To elucidate the complex expression and regulation of PD-1/PD-L1 within the glioma microenvironment.
- To examine immune infiltration in the immunosuppressive glioma microenvironment and the application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in clinical trials.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway research in gliomas.
- Analysis of expression levels and regulatory mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 in the glioma microenvironment.
- Assessment of immune cell infiltration and the impact of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in clinical trials.
Main Results:
- PD-1/PD-L1 expression is complex within the glioma microenvironment.
- The glioma microenvironment is characterized by significant immunosuppression.
- Clinical efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in gliomas is currently limited.
Conclusions:
- Understanding PD-1/PD-L1 dynamics in gliomas is crucial for improving immunotherapy.
- Further research is needed to overcome the immunosuppressive nature of the glioma microenvironment.
- Optimizing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor strategies may enhance treatment outcomes for glioma patients.
