Research Progress on Dendritic Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immune Microenvironments

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that play a crucial role in initiating immune responses by cross-presenting relevant antigens to initial T cells. The activation of DCs is a crucial step in inducing anti-tumor immunity. Upon recognition and uptake of tumor antigens, activated DCs present these antigens to naive T cells, thereby stimulating T cell-mediated immune responses and enhancing their ability to attack tumors. It is particularly noted that DCs are able to cross-present foreign antigens to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, prompting CD8⁺ T cells to proliferate and differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. In the malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the inactivation of DCs plays an important role, and the activation of DCs is particularly important in anti-HCC immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of DCs activation in HCC, the involved regulatory factors and strategies to activate DCs in HCC immunotherapy. It provides a basis for the study of HCC immunotherapy through DCs activation.