Current Advances and Challenges in the Management of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Immunosuppressed Patients

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin malignancy and poses a significant risk to immunosuppressed patients, such as solid organ transplant recipients and those with hematopoietic malignancies, who are up to 100 times more likely to develop cSCC compared with the general population. This review summarizes the current state of treatment for cSCC in immunosuppressed patients, focusing on prevention, prophylaxis, surgical and non-surgical treatments, and emerging therapies. Preventative measures, including high-SPF sunscreen and prophylactic retinoids, are crucial for reducing cSCC incidence in these patients. Adjusting immunosuppressive regimens, particularly favoring mTOR inhibitors over calcineurin inhibitors, has been shown to lower cSCC risk. Surgical excision and Mohs micrographic surgery remain the primary treatments, with adjuvant radiation therapy recommended for high-risk cases. Traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapies like EGFR inhibitors have been utilized, though their efficacy varies. Immunotherapy, particularly with agents like cemiplimab and pembrolizumab, has shown promise, but its use in immunosuppressed patients requires further investigation due to potential risks of organ rejection and exacerbation of underlying conditions. Treatment of cSCC in immunosuppressed patients is multifaceted, involving preventive strategies, tailored surgical approaches, and cautious use of systemic therapies. While immunotherapy has emerged as a promising option, its application in immunosuppressed populations necessitates further research to optimize safety and efficacy. Future studies should focus on the integration of personalized medicine and combination therapies to improve outcomes for this vulnerable patient group.