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Related Concept Videos

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

978
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
978
Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

917
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
917
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

576
Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
576
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

533
Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
533
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

3.4K
Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
3.4K
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

731
Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
731

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Mouse Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermometer During Passive Systemic Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy Evaluation
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Optimized Machine Learning Models for Predicting Core Body Temperature in Dairy Cows: Enhancing Accuracy and

Dapeng Li1,2, Geqi Yan3, Fuwei Li1,2

  • 1Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|September 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a machine learning model to predict dairy cow core body temperature (CBT) and manage heat stress. The Grey Wolf Optimizer-Extreme Gradient Boosting (GWO-XGBoost) model accurately predicted CBT using infrared trunk temperature, improving animal welfare.

Keywords:
SHAP valueanimal welfarecore body temperaturemachine learningoptimization algorithmprecision livestock managementthermal comfort

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Machine Learning
  • Environmental Physiology

Background:

  • Heat stress significantly impacts dairy cow health and productivity.
  • Effective management strategies are crucial for animal welfare and farm economics.
  • Predictive modeling offers a novel approach to proactive heat stress mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a machine learning framework for predicting dairy cow core body temperature (CBT).
  • To identify key physiological and environmental factors influencing CBT.
  • To optimize predictive model performance for enhanced heat stress management.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dataset of 3005 physiological records from dairy cows in production environments.
  • Applied various machine learning algorithms including Elastic Net, Artificial Neural Networks, Random Forests, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost.
  • Employed Bayesian Optimization and Grey Wolf Optimizer for hyperparameter tuning and model refinement.

Main Results:

  • The feature set including average infrared trunk temperature (IRTave_TK) showed strong predictive capability (R²=0.516, MAE=0.239°C, RMSE=0.302°C).
  • The GWO-XGBoost model achieved the highest accuracy (R²=0.540, RMSE=0.294°C, MAE=0.232°C) and computational efficiency (2.41s optimization time).
  • SHAP analysis identified IRTave_TK, time zone (TZ), days in lactation (DOL), and body posture (BP) as critical predictors of CBT.

Conclusions:

  • Machine learning models, particularly GWO-XGBoost, can accurately predict dairy cow CBT.
  • Infrared thermography and physiological data are valuable inputs for heat stress management.
  • This framework supports timely interventions to maintain dairy cow health and productivity.