Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping of Heading Date in Wheat under Phosphorus Stress Conditions

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crucial cereal crop, contributing around 20% of global caloric intake. However, challenges such as diminishing arable land, water shortages, and climate change threaten wheat production, making yield enhancement crucial for global food security. The heading date (HD) is a critical factor influencing wheat's growth cycle, harvest timing, climate adaptability, and yield. Understanding the genetic determinants of HD is essential for developing high-yield and stable wheat varieties. This study used a doubled haploid (DH) population from a cross between Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84. QTL analysis of HD was performed under three phosphorus (P) treatments (low, medium, and normal) across six environments, using Wheat15K high-density SNP technology. The study identified 39 QTLs for HD, distributed across ten chromosomes, accounting for 2.39% to 29.52% of the phenotypic variance. Notably, five stable and major QTLs (Qhd.saw-3A.7, Qhd.saw-3A.8, Qhd.saw-3A.9, Qhd.saw-4A.4, and Qhd.saw-4D.3) were consistently detected across varying P conditions. The additive effects of these major QTLs showed that favorable alleles significantly delayed HD. There was a clear trend of increasing HD delay as the number of favorable alleles increased. Among them, Qhd.saw-3A.8, Qhd.saw-3A.9, and Qhd.saw-4D.3 were identified as novel QTLs with no prior reports of HD QTLs/genes in their respective intervals. Candidate gene analysis highlighted seven highly expressed genes related to Ca²⁺ transport, hormone signaling, glycosylation, and zinc finger proteins, likely involved in HD regulation. This research elucidates the genetic basis of wheat HD under P stress, providing critical insights for breeding high-yield, stable wheat varieties suited to low-P environments.