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Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Published on: March 9, 2018
Electronic Nose Analysis of Exhaled Breath Volatile Organic Compound Profiles during Normoxia, Hypoxia, and Hyperoxia
Pasquale Tondo1, Giulia Scioscia1, Marcin Di Marco2
1Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
Abstract:
This study investigates volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles in the exhaled breath of normal subjects under different oxygenation conditions-normoxia (FiO2 21%), hypoxia (FiO2 11%), and hyperoxia (FiO2 35%)-using an electronic nose (e-nose). We aim to identify significant differences in VOC profiles among the three conditions utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). Our results indicate distinct VOC patterns corresponding to each oxygenation state, demonstrating the potential of e-nose technology in detecting physiological changes in breath composition (cross-validated accuracy values: FiO2 21% vs. FiO2 11% = 63%, FiO2 11% vs. FiO2 35% = 65%, FiO2 21% vs. FiO2 35% = 71%, and p < 0.05 for all). This research underscores the viability of breathomics in the non-invasive monitoring and diagnostics of various respiratory and systemic conditions.
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