Alkylation of Complex Glycine Precursor (CGP) as a Prebiotic Route to 20 Proteinogenic Amino Acids Synthesis

It is not known why the number of proteinogenic amino acids is limited to 20. Since Miller's experiment, many studies have shown that amino acids could have been generated under prebiotic conditions. However, the amino acid compositions obtained from simulated experiments and exogenous origins are different from those of life. We hypothesized that some simple precursor compounds generated by high-energy reactions were selectively combined by organic reactions to afford a limited number of amino acids. To this direction, we propose two scenarios. One is the reaction of HCN with each side-chain precursor (the aminomalononitrile scenario), and the other is alkylation of the "complex glycine precursor", which is the main product of proton irradiation of the primordial atmosphere (the new polyglycine scenario). Here, selective formation of the 20 amino acids is described focusing on the latter scenario. The structural features of proteinogenic amino acids can be described systematically. The scenario consists of three stages: a high-energy reaction stage (Gly, Ala, Asn, and Asp were established); an alkylation stage (Gln, Glu, Ser, Thr, Val, Ile, Leu, and Pro were generated in considerable amounts); and a peptide formation stage (Phe, Tyr, Trp, His, Lys, Arg, Cys, and Met were selected due to their structural advantages). This scenario is a part of the evolution of Garakuta World, in which many prebiotic materials are contained.