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Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2025

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Published on: February 27, 2017

Recent Development of Functional Bio-Based Epoxy Resins.

Yuan Zhang¹, Xuemei Liu¹, Mengting Wan¹

¹Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 28, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are developing functional bio-based epoxy resins from renewable resources to replace petroleum-based plastics. These advanced materials offer unique properties like flame retardancy and biodegradability, addressing environmental and health concerns.

Keywords:

antibacterial bio-based epoxy resin flame retardant recyclable shape memory

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Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

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Published on: February 27, 2017

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

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Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Published on: September 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Green Chemistry

Background:

Traditional epoxy resins rely on petroleum, posing environmental and health risks.
Bio-based epoxy resins offer a sustainable alternative derived from biomass.
Growing demand for high-performance, eco-friendly materials drives innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in functional bio-based epoxy resins.
To classify these resins based on their unique functionalities.
To explore synthesis strategies and structure-property relationships.

Main Methods:

Literature review of functional bio-based epoxy resin research.
Classification of bio-based epoxy resins by function (e.g., flame-retardant, recyclable, antibacterial).
Analysis of synthesis routes and structure-performance correlations.

Main Results:

Development of bio-based epoxy resins with enhanced properties like flame retardancy and biodegradability.
Successful synthesis strategies enabling tailored functionalities.
Established links between molecular structure and material performance.

Conclusions:

Functional bio-based epoxy resins are a promising area for sustainable materials.
Further research can guide the design of novel resins with diverse applications.
Addressing challenges will enhance the competitiveness and adoption of these eco-friendly alternatives.