Pelargonium graveolens: Towards In-Depth Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Enzyme-Inhibitory Potential

Pelargonium graveolens L'Hèr. (Geraniaceae) is renowned for its traditional use as a flavor, ornamental and medicinal plant. This work aimed at an in-depth study of the phytochemical profiling and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibition assessment of a methanol-aqueous extract from P. graveolens leaves. A UHPLC-HRMS analysis revealed more than 110 secondary metabolites, including 8 acyltartaric and 11 acylcitric/acylisocitric acids; 8 gallotannins; 36 flavonols, flavanones and methoxylated flavonoids together with 17 phenolic and aliphatic acids; and 21 phenolic acid glycosides. For the first time, acylcitric acids along with feruloyl- and coumaroyltartaric acids are reported in the species. The leaf extract actively scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH (273.45 mg trolox equivalent (TE/g)) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS^•+) radicals (531.97 mgTE/g) and showed a high reducing power: 431.32 mg TE/g Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 292.21 mg TE/g Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). It possessed a metal chelating capacity (13.44 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent (EDTAE)/g) and contained 2.71 mmol TE/g in the phosphomolybdenum assay. The rose geranium extract exhibited high inhibition towards acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (2.80 and 2.20 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g, respectively) and tyrosinase (75.49 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g). It inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase (3.75 mmol and 0.79 acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g, respectively) and lipase (28.91 mg orlistat equivalent (OE)/g). This study sheds light into the future potential application of the rose geranium in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.