Characterization and Transcriptomic Analysis of Sorghum EIN/EIL Family and Identification of Their Roles in Internode...

Ethylene-insensitive 3/Ethylene-insensitive3-like proteins (EIN3/EIL) represent a group of transcription factors critical for the ethylene signaling transduction that manipulate downstream ethylene-responsive genes, thereby regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the identification, evolution, and divergence of the EIL family remain to be studied in Sorghum bicolor. Here, we identified eight SbEILs, which were expanded due to whole-genome-duplication (WGD) events. Characterization of the protein sequences and expression atlas demonstrates that the WGD-duplicated SbEILs could become divergent due to the differential expression patterns, rather than domain and motif architectures. Comparative expression analysis was performed between the RNA-seq data sets of internodes from several sorghum cultivars to understand the potential roles of SbEIL members in internode elongation and maturation. Our results identified SbEIL3 and 7 (the latter as a homolog of OsEIL7/OsEIL1) to be the highly expressed SbEIL genes in sorghum internodes and revealed a potential functional link between SbEIL7 and internode maturation. The co-expression analysis and comparative expression analysis with ethylene-regulated gene sets found that SbEIL7 was co-regulated with a set of ubiquitin-related protein degradation genes, suggesting possible involvement of SbEIL7 in protein degradation and processing during the post-anthesis stages. Altogether, our findings lay a foundation for future functional studies of ethylene signaling-mediated gene regulation and improvement of sorghum internode development.