Mediterranean Diet Modulation of Neuroinflammation-Related Genes in Elderly Adults at High Cardiovascular Risk

Individuals with dementia and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) often suffer from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Neuroinflammation driven by conditions involved in CVDs is linked to disruptions in the central nervous system triggering immune reactions, perpetuating an "inflammatory-like" environment. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been proposed as a key factor to attenuate these risks. Blood nuclear cell samples were collected from 134 participants of the PREDIMED trial, which randomized participants to three diets: one supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil (MedDiet-EVOO), another with nuts (MedDiet-Nuts), and a low-fat control diet. These samples were analyzed at baseline and 12-month follow-up to assess the impact of these dietary interventions on gene expression markers. We first selected target genes by analyzing intersections between NDD and CVD associations. Significant gene expression changes from baseline to 12 months were observed in the participants allocated to the MedDiet-EVOO, particularly in CDKN2A, IFNG, NLRP3, PIK3CB, and TGFB2. Additionally, TGFB2 expression changed over time in the MedDiet-Nuts group. Comparative analyses showed significant differences in TGFB2 between MedDiet-EVOO and control, and in NAMPT between MedDiet-Nuts and control. Longitudinal models adjusted for different covariates also revealed significant effects for TGFB2 and NAMPT. In conclusion, our results suggest that one year of traditional MedDiet, especially MedDiet-EVOO, modulates gene expression associated with CVD risk and NDDs in older adults at high CV risk.