Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.2K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.2K
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

760
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
760
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

45.7K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
45.7K
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

23.3K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
23.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Experimental change in temperament: Conversion of the low exploratory phenotype into highly explorative by overexpression of GDNF in the rat striatum.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same author

Drugs targeting synaptic RNA m6A methylation regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity in the rat hippocampus.

Experimental neurology·2026
Same author

Alcohol Facilitates Social Dominance Via Activating Dopamine 1 Receptor-expressing Neurons in the Lateral Septum of Male Mice.

Molecular neurobiology·2025
Same author

DDHD2 provides a flux of saturated fatty acids for neuronal energy and function.

Nature metabolism·2025
Same author

Gene therapy downregulating CaV1.3 reverses motor disability in aged parkinsonian male and female macaques.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2025
Same author

Evaluating the feasibility of gene replacement strategies to treat MTRFR deficiency.

Disease models & mechanisms·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
09:29

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

30.2K

Viral and nonviral approaches.

Mikko Airavaara1, Mart Saarma2

  • 1Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|September 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Neurotrophic factors offer potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's by restoring brain connectivity and preventing protein clumps. Research continues to explore delivery methods and clinical applications for these promising therapies.

Keywords:
Alpha-synucleinCDNFDopamineER stressGDNFMANFNeurturinPDGFParkinson's diseaseUPR

More Related Videos

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

6.8K
Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16
06:03

Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16

Published on: July 15, 2019

7.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
09:29

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

30.2K
Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

6.8K
Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16
06:03

Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16

Published on: July 15, 2019

7.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Therapeutic Protein Delivery

Background:

  • Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, lack disease-modifying treatments.
  • Neurotrophic factors have been investigated for decades to slow disease progression.
  • Current research focuses on restoring neuronal connectivity and protein homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neurotrophic factor research for Parkinson's disease.
  • To explore administration routes, including gene and protein therapy.
  • To analyze preclinical and clinical trial data, challenges, and prospects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neurotrophic factor families and their mechanisms.
  • Comparison of preclinical experimental models.
  • Analysis of clinical trial outcomes, focusing on challenges and breakthroughs.

Main Results:

  • Intracranial administration presents significant challenges for neurotrophic factor delivery.
  • Therapies aim to restore dopaminergic neuronal connectivity and maintain proteostasis.
  • Recent focus includes preventing Lewy body formation through neurotrophic support.

Conclusions:

  • Neurotrophic factors show promise for neurorestorative therapies in Parkinson's disease.
  • Continued research is essential to overcome delivery challenges and optimize clinical application.
  • Understanding neurotrophic factor roles in proteostasis is crucial for future therapeutic development.