Endothelial cell mechanics and dynamics in angiogenesis

The efficient distribution of oxygen and metabolites is critical for embryonic development and growth as well as tissue homeostasis. This is achieved by endothelial cells forming and maintaining a closed, circulatory network of tubular blood vessels. Endothelial cells are highly plastic cells with the capability to generate diverse dynamic responses at different stages of vessel development in order to build vessel networks of tissue-specific patterns and morphologies. In this review, we discuss new conceptual advances gained from in vitro and in vivo models of angiogenesis on the control of endothelial cell dynamics. We highlight the complex interplay between mechanical cues, actin cytoskeleton and endothelial behaviors, and the emerging importance of hydrostatic pressure in complementing actin-dependent mechanisms to regulate endothelial cell mechanics and angiogenesis. Understanding these processes provides insights into vascular repair and regeneration mechanisms.