A Scoping Review of Fall-Risk Screening Tools in the Emergency Department for Future Falls in Older Adults

Approximately one-third of adults over the age of 65 experience falls annually, with half resulting in injury. Peak bodies have recommended the use of fall-risk screening tools in the emergency department (ED) to identify patients requiring in-depth assessment and potential fall-prevention intervention. This study aimed to examine the scope of published studies on fall-risk screening tools used in the ED and evidence of associations between screening and future falls.

PubMed, Embase and CINAHL were searched for peer-reviewed journal articles published since 2012 that examined one or more screening tools to identify patient-level fall risk. Eligible studies described fall-risk tools applied in the ED. Data extracted included sample information, variables measured, and statistical analysis. Sixteen studies published since 2012 were included after full-text review. Fourteen unique screening tools were found. Eight tools were fall-risk screening tools, one tool was a functional screening tool, one tool was a frailty-screening tool, two tools were rapid physical tests, one tool was a trauma triage tool, and one tool was a component of a health-related quality-of-life measure. Studies that evaluated prognostic performance (n = 11) generally reported sensitivity higher than specificity. Previous falls (n = 10) and high-risk medications (n = 6) were consistently associated with future falls. Augmentation with additional variables from the electronic medical record (EMR) improved screening tool prognostic performance in one study.

Current evidence on the association between the use of fall-risk screening tools in the ED for future falls consistently identifies previous falls and high-risk medications as associated with future falls. Comparison between tools is difficult due to different evaluation methods and different covariates measured. Augmentation of fall-risk screening using the EMR in the ED requires further investigation.