Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

1.4K
The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
1.4K
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

1.8K
The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
1.8K
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

1.5K
The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
1.5K
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

916
Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
916
Parasympathetic Signaling01:30

Parasympathetic Signaling

1.8K
Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
The effects of...
1.8K
Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

4.3K
Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Male Sapap3 knockout mice show threat bias under conflict during platform-mediated avoidance task: effects of extinction with response prevention and implications for obsessive compulsive disorder.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same author

Mimicking opioid analgesia in cortical pain circuits.

Nature·2026
Same author

The striatal indirect pathway mediates hesitation.

Nature neuroscience·2025
Same author

Differential modulation of movement speed with state-dependent deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Persistent Threat Avoidance Following Negative Reinforcement Is Not Associated with Elevated State Anxiety.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2024
Same author

Hyperactivity of indirect pathway-projecting spiny projection neurons promotes compulsive behavior.

Nature communications·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior
07:52

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Published on: November 22, 2021

3.3K

Striatal indirect pathway mediates hesitation.

Matthew A Geramita, Susanne E Ahmari, Eric A Yttri

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |September 30, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Organisms often pause to deliberate in uncertain situations, a behavior called hesitation. Researchers discovered specific neurons in the dorsomedial striatum that control this hesitation in mice.

    More Related Videos

    A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
    07:19

    A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

    Published on: March 19, 2020

    5.9K
    An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
    07:42

    An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents

    Published on: August 2, 2018

    13.5K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

    In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior
    07:52

    In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

    Published on: November 22, 2021

    3.3K
    A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
    07:19

    A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

    Published on: March 19, 2020

    5.9K
    An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
    07:42

    An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents

    Published on: August 2, 2018

    13.5K

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Behavioral Biology
    • Cognitive Science

    Background:

    • Hesitation, a pause in action due to uncertainty, is common but its neural basis is unclear.
    • Understanding hesitation is crucial for deciphering decision-making under uncertainty.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish a reliable experimental model for evoking hesitation in mice.
    • To identify the specific neural circuits underlying hesitation.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a novel experimental paradigm to induce hesitation in mice.
    • Employed cell-type specific electrophysiology and optogenetics for neural circuit analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Identified indirect pathway spiny projection neurons in the dorsomedial striatum as key mediators of hesitation.
    • Demonstrated that direct pathway neurons in the same region do not play a significant role in hesitation.

    Conclusions:

    • Hesitation is mediated by distinct basal ganglia circuits compared to other forms of behavioral inhibition.
    • This finding sheds light on the neural mechanisms of cognitive pausing in decision-making.