Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Concepts and Prototypes01:24

Concepts and Prototypes

The human nervous system handles vast amounts of information by translating sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes, creating thoughts expressed through language or stored as memories. The brain also synthesizes information from emotions and memories, which significantly influence thoughts and behaviors. This intricate process creates a comprehensive mental picture.
The brain organizes this information using concepts, which are mental categories grouping linguistic data,...
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cryopreservation of brain organoids - a tool for on-demand organoid banking.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Generation of spinal cord organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells caudalised to a lumbar fate.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Low-dose inorganic arsenic exposure reprograms macrophages differentiation and function toward tumor-promoting phenotypes.

Environmental research·2026
Same author

Towards learning and memory risk assessment with human brain organoids: barriers and opportunities.

Frontiers in toxicology·2026
Same author

Hippocampal criticality tracks cognitive demand and shifts with memory impairment.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Effects of Sevoflurane on the Development of a Human Brain Microphysiological System.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
09:36

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: June 28, 2019

9.9K

Human Neural Organoid Microphysiological Systems Show the Building Blocks Necessary for Basic Learning and Memory.

Dowlette-Mary Alam El Din1,2, Leah Moenkemoeller1, Alon Loeffler3

  • 1Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|September 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Neural organoids derived from human stem cells exhibit key features of learning and memory, including synaptic plasticity and network dynamics. These findings highlight their potential for studying brain function and neurological diseases.

More Related Videos

A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation
08:58

A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation

Published on: July 21, 2023

1.1K
Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development
10:34

Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development

Published on: January 17, 2025

801

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
09:36

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: June 28, 2019

9.9K
A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation
08:58

A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation

Published on: July 21, 2023

1.1K
Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development
10:34

Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development

Published on: January 17, 2025

801

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Organoid Technology

Background:

  • Brain microphysiological systems, specifically neural organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells, provide novel models for studying the human brain.
  • Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of learning and memory is crucial for neuroscience and neurology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the foundational elements of learning and memory in neural organoids.
  • To quantify immediate early gene expression, synaptic plasticity, neuronal network dynamics, and criticality.
  • To demonstrate the utility of neural organoids in basic science research.

Main Methods:

  • Neural organoids were analyzed for synapse formation and receptor expression (glutamatergic and GABAergic).
  • Immediate early gene expression was measured both basally and upon stimulation.
  • Neuronal network dynamics, criticality, and synaptic plasticity were assessed, including responses to theta-burst stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Neural organoids demonstrated synapse formation and expression of key neurotransmitter receptors.
  • Functional connectivity, network criticality, and synaptic plasticity were observed.
  • Responses to pharmacological interventions and specific stimulation protocols mimicked synaptic modulation and short-term potentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Neural organoids exhibit essential neurophysiological characteristics relevant to learning and memory.
  • These organoids serve as valuable tools for basic neuroscience research.
  • Organoid Intelligence holds promise for informing therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.