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Related Concept Videos

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Varying recombination landscapes between individuals are driven by polymorphic transposable elements.

Yuheng Huang1, Yi Gao1, Kayla Ly1

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TEs) actively shape genome evolution by suppressing meiotic recombination. Polymorphic TEs reduce crossover (CO) events, leading to varied recombination maps within and between species.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Meiotic recombination is crucial for genome evolution, but factors influencing its landscape remain unclear.
  • Transposable elements (TEs) are often found at lower recombination rates, but their causal role is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct influence of polymorphic transposable elements (TEs) on meiotic recombination rates.
  • To determine if TEs are a cause or consequence of altered recombination frequencies.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel approach using PacBio long-read sequencing to identify crossovers (COs) in pooled recombinant individuals.
  • Applied this method to Drosophila strains with varying TE insertion profiles.
  • Utilized orthogonal approaches including recombinant inbred lines and isogenic strains.

Main Results:

  • Polymorphic TEs, particularly RNA-based and epigenetically marked TEs, significantly reduce CO occurrence.
  • TEs create distinct recombination frequencies between homologous sequences with and without insertions.
  • This TE-mediated suppression contributes to varying recombination maps between individuals.

Conclusions:

  • The mobilome actively modifies recombination landscapes, challenging the view of TEs as solely consequences of selection.
  • TEs are a dynamic force shaping genome evolution by altering meiotic recombination patterns.
  • Understanding TE-TE and TE-host interactions is key to deciphering genome evolution.