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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
Originating in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division exit the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans. They then enter the...
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Autonomic Nervous System: Overview01:26

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The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...
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The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

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Overview
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:21

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.
The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:28

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions
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Organ-specific Sympathetic Innervation Defines Visceral Functions.

Tongtong Wang, Bochuan Teng, Dickson R Yao

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |September 30, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The sympathetic nervous system has distinct cell populations that control different visceral organ functions. This discovery reveals modular regulation of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and bile tract by the autonomic nervous system.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Molecular Biology
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • The autonomic nervous system regulates vital bodily functions via sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.
    • Current understanding of the sympathetic nervous system at cellular and molecular levels is limited.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the cellular and molecular organization of the abdominal sympathetic nervous system.
    • To identify distinct sympathetic neuron populations within the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia (CG-SMG).

    Main Methods:

    • Multi-modal transcriptomic analysis of the CG-SMG.
    • Spatial mapping of sympathetic neuron populations.
    • Neural perturbation experiments to assess functional roles.

    Main Results:

    • Identified distinct, spatially and molecularly separable sympathetic populations in the CG-SMG.
    • Demonstrated selective axonal projections from CG-SMG populations to specific visceral organs (GI tract, pancreas, bile tract).
    • Showed functional segregation, with distinct neuron classes regulating GI motility versus digestion and glucagon secretion.

    Conclusions:

    • The sympathetic nervous system exhibits molecular diversity with functionally segregated neuron populations.
    • Modular regulation of visceral organ functions is achieved through distinct sympathetic pathways.
    • This study provides novel insights into the cellular and molecular basis of autonomic control.