Exploring Micronutrient Dynamics in COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: Unraveling the Roles of Vitamin D, Calcium,...

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical importance of understanding the intricate relationship between micronutrient levels and disease outcomes. This study explores the impact of Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) on COVID-19 severity and mortality. The study involves 200 participants (100 COVID-19 patients, 100 controls), we meticulously analyzed micronutrient dynamics. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and ALP was measured spectrophotometrically. Vitamin D was measured using Chemiluminescent method. The study reveals that diminished levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and with elevated ALP, are significantly associated with COVID-19 cases. Whereas the Vitamin D levels in severe group was increased when compared to mild cases but decreased than control group. Disease severity correlated with declining calcium (r = - 0.35, p < 0.01), phosphorus (r = - 0.26, p < 0.05), and magnesium (r = - 0.21, p < 0.05), and increased ALP (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Post-discharge, calcium (p < 0.05) and phosphorus (p < 0.01) showed positive trends, while ALP (p < 0.001) decreased. Notably, calcium (OR = 0.63, p < 0.05) and ALP (OR = 1.87, p < 0.001) emerged as significant predictors of disease severity. The findings not only illuminate potential therapeutic avenues but also emphasize the need to optimize nutrient levels, including magnesium, for COVID-19 prevention and management. Given the complexities of these relationships, further rigorous exploration, including well-designed trials and understanding underlying mechanisms, is imperative to unravel the dynamics of these nutrient interactions in the context of COVID-19.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-024-01225-9.