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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

3.0K
Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
3.0K
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

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Manipulating cell fate through reprogramming: approaches and applications.

Masaki Yagi1,2,3,4, Joy E Horng1,2,3,4, Konrad Hochedlinger1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|September 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Cellular plasticity can be reversed by reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This technology aids disease modeling, understanding cell identity, and tissue rejuvenation.

Keywords:
Cell fateEpigeneticsInduced pluripotent stem cellsReprogrammingSmall moleculesTranscription factors

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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Cellular plasticity decreases with development and differentiation.
  • Reprogramming offers a way to reverse these processes, creating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • Recent advances allow patient-specific disease modeling and insights into cell identity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare current reprogramming methods for deriving pluripotent cells.
  • To discuss mechanisms that hinder reprogramming and maintain cell identity.
  • To explore cellular rejuvenation and the use of iPSCs in embryo models.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of transcription factor-based and small molecule-based reprogramming approaches.
  • Review of studies on reprogramming resistance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of recent research on cellular rejuvenation and iPSC-derived embryo models.

Main Results:

  • Reprogramming technologies have significantly advanced disease modeling and fundamental biology research.
  • Understanding reprogramming resistance is key to maintaining cell identity.
  • Reprogramming factors show potential for tissue rejuvenation and studying early development.

Conclusions:

  • Reprogramming somatic cells to iPSCs is a powerful tool with broad applications.
  • Further research into reprogramming mechanisms can unlock new therapeutic and developmental insights.
  • iPSCs are crucial for creating advanced disease and developmental models.