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Does Playing Mahjong Benefit Older Individuals? A Scoping Review.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Psychology

Background:

  • Mahjong is a popular leisure activity in Asia, with cultural beliefs suggesting cognitive and psychological benefits for older adults.
  • Empirical evidence supporting these benefits is limited and dispersed across literature.
  • A comprehensive review is needed to synthesize existing research and identify knowledge gaps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize studies on the relationship between playing mahjong and cognitive, psychological, and functional abilities in older adults.
  • To identify gaps in the current literature.
  • To propose future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across thirteen Western and Asian databases.
  • Fifty-three studies were included: 47 observational and 6 intervention studies.
  • Data were extracted and synthesized to identify trends and findings.

Main Results:

  • Observational studies indicated a positive association between mahjong playing experience and enhanced cognitive, psychological, and functional abilities.
  • Intervention studies suggested that playing mahjong can improve general cognitive abilities, short-term memory, and reduce depressive symptoms.
  • Most studies were correlational, limiting causal inference and understanding of underlying neural mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Mahjong playing shows potential benefits for cognitive, psychological, and functional well-being in older adults.
  • Further research, particularly randomized controlled trials, is needed to establish causality and explore neural mechanisms.
  • Mahjong may be a valuable activity for promoting healthy aging.