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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
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The path ahead for understanding Toll-like receptor-driven systemic autoimmunity.

Jessica A Hamerman1, Gregory M Barton2

  • 1Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|October 1, 2024
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Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13 can trigger autoimmune diseases when they mistakenly recognize self-nucleic acids (NA). Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing treatments for systemic autoimmune disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Five Toll-like receptors (TLRs 3, 7, 8, 9, 13) recognize nucleic acids (NA), initiating immune responses.
  • Dysregulated recognition of self-NA by TLRs can lead to autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the role of NA-sensing TLRs in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the contribution of these receptors to diverse clinical phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on TLRs and nucleic acid recognition.
  • Comparative analysis of mouse and human studies.

Main Results:

  • TLR7/8 activation by self-RNA and TLR9 activation by self-DNA are implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and macrophage activation syndrome.
  • Comparative studies reveal conserved and divergent pathways between mice and humans.

Conclusions:

  • NA-sensing TLRs play a critical role in bridging innate immunity and autoimmunity.
  • Further research is needed to address gaps in understanding disease mechanisms and to develop targeted therapies.