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Related Concept Videos

Acid Attack on Concrete01:21

Acid Attack on Concrete

194
When acids come into contact with concrete, they initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the hydrated cement paste. This process leads to softening and structural weakening of the concrete. This issue is commonly observed in environments such as chimneys, sewers, and industrial settings. The severity of the damage increases as the pH of the water interacting with the concrete drops below 6.5. In particular, a pH under 4.5 can cause significant concrete damage.
The rate at which hydrogen...
194
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

113
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
113
Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

107
Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
107
Sulfate Attack on Concrete01:29

Sulfate Attack on Concrete

120
Sulfate attack on concrete is a deterioration process characterized by a whitish discoloration beginning at the edges and corners, accompanied by cracking and spalling. This phenomenon occurs when sulfates react with the components of hardened concrete, forming compounds like calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate which occupy more space than the substances they replace, causing the concrete to expand and disrupt.
Sulfates from sources like soil, groundwater, or industrial effluents...
120
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

302
Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
302
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

22.0K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
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Microstructural analysis applied to carbonate matrix acidizing: An overview and a case study.

Roger Urgel-Pinto1, Luis A Alcázar-Vara2

  • 1Postgraduate Academic Program, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Veracruz, Mexico.

Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)
|October 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

X-ray computed microtomography (Micro-CT) aids in understanding carbonate matrix acidizing by visualizing mineral dissolution, or wormholes. This non-destructive method is crucial for enhancing hydrocarbon reservoir productivity.

Keywords:
Carbonate acidizingMatrix acid stimulationMicro-CTMicrostructural analysisWormholes

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Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

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Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography
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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Geoscience
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Carbonate formations are vital hydrocarbon reservoirs globally.
  • Matrix acidizing is essential for enhancing well productivity in these formations.
  • Microstructural analysis of acidified cores is key to evaluating acidizing systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review research and applications of Micro-CT for evaluating matrix acidizing in carbonates.
  • To provide an overview of Micro-CT fundamentals and carbonate acid stimulation.
  • To discuss Micro-CT applications in wormhole characterization, in-situ experiments, and pore-scale modeling.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray computed microtomography (Micro-CT) for non-destructive analysis of carbonate rock samples.
  • Qualitative and quantitative characterization of mineral dissolution (wormholes).
  • Review of existing research studies and case studies on Micro-CT applications in matrix acidizing.

Main Results:

  • Micro-CT enables detailed visualization of wormhole structures and dissolution patterns.
  • The technique allows for internal sample analysis without altering structure or composition.
  • Applications span microstructural characterization, dynamic in-situ studies, and pore-scale modeling.

Conclusions:

  • Micro-CT is a powerful tool for characterizing matrix acidizing in carbonate reservoirs.
  • Further research into 4D CT and CT-based acidizing models is recommended.
  • This review consolidates knowledge and highlights future directions for Micro-CT in carbonate acidizing.