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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
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S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

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The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of...
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Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Overview
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
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Inferring replication timing and proliferation dynamics from single-cell DNA sequencing data.

Adam C Weiner1,2, Marc J Williams1, Hongyu Shi1,3

  • 1Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.

Nature Communications
|October 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new computational method to study DNA replication and copy number changes in cancer cells. This method helps understand how genomic instability drives cancer evolution in aneuploid tumors.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2025

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Cancer Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Aneuploidy, common in cancer, involves errors in DNA replication and cell division.
  • The relationship between copy number alterations (CNAs), replication timing (RT), and cell cycle dynamics in aneuploid tumors is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a computational method for inferring cell-specific replication and copy number states from single-cell whole genome sequencing (scWGS) data.
  • To investigate clone-specific RT and proliferation dynamics in various aneuploid cancer models.

Main Methods:

  • Developed PERT, a probabilistic method for simultaneous inference of cell-specific replication and copy number states.
  • Applied PERT to analyze over 50,000 cells from cell lines, xenografts, and primary cancers.

Main Results:

  • Observed bidirectional relationships between RT and CNAs, with X-inactivation CNAs causing significant RT shifts.
  • Found that S-phase enrichment correlated with proliferation rates in stable cells, but not in unstable cells.
  • Demonstrated robust computational identification of S-phase cells using scWGS data.

Conclusions:

  • Replication timing and cell cycle properties are crucial for understanding the genomic evolution of aneuploid tumors.
  • PERT provides a robust tool for analyzing scWGS data to study cancer cell dynamics.