Frog hepatic health and metal pollution: An assemblage-level approach in a hotspot in southeastern Brazil

Chemical pollutants include the harmful effects of various substances on soils, water bodies, and biodiversity. Amphibians are one of the most endangered groups of vertebrates and are impacted by chemical pollutants in various ways due to their complex life cycles. Since trace pollutant concentrations vary across environments, different frog ecomorphs (classified by their microhabitat use) may have different exposures. We aimed to determine the association between frog ecomorphs and the occurrence of histopathological hepatic lesions (HHLs) as an indicator of contaminant exposure. We focused on small forest streams near a large urban region in Brazil, heavily polluted in the 1980s. We examined 104 frog specimens from various families. All specimens exhibited HHLs, with melanomacrophages being the most common (n = 99). Arboreal frogs exhibited more vascular congestion, while terrestrial frogs showed structural hepatic damage. Higher cobalt levels were linked to increased liver necrosis in arboreal frogs and structural issues in both arboreal and terrestrial frogs. Cadmium was associated with hepatitis in terrestrial frogs. Although metal levels had no significant effects on rheophilic frogs, the prevalence of hepatitis and necrosis indicated complex exposure pathways. Iron and aluminum were linked to fewer lesions in rheophilic frogs, suggesting resilience. The high prevalence of HHLs signals an ongoing issue, with variations among ecomorphs suggesting differential exposure to pollutants and posing a complex challenge for community conservation.