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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
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The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

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Sternalis Muscle: A Cadaveric Case Report of a Rare Variant With Multiple Branching.

Mohammed Bahgat1, Abdul Sattar Khan2, Amira E Alsemeh3

  • 1Anatomy Division, Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, SAU.

Cureus
|October 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study reports a rare case of bilateral branched sternalis muscles, a unique anatomical variant in the anterior thoracic wall. The findings highlight the need for updated classifications to include complex sternalis muscle variations.

Keywords:
anatomycadaveric case reportchest wall variationsmuscle variationsrectus sternalissternalis

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Morphology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • The sternalis muscle is an uncommon anatomical variant of the anterior thoracic wall.
  • Understanding its variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and surgical planning in thoracic procedures.

Observation:

  • A unique case of bilateral branched sternalis muscles is presented.
  • Each muscle exhibited medial and lateral slips, with asymmetrical sizes between the left and right sides.
  • The left sternalis muscle displayed complex branching of its lateral slip, a previously undescribed pattern.

Findings:

  • The presented sternalis muscle variant is novel and does not fit existing classification systems.
  • Detailed morphological description of the bilateral branched sternalis muscles, including slip sizes and courses.
  • The left sternalis lateral slip showed a unique multi-branched pattern.

Implications:

  • The findings necessitate a revision of the current sternalis muscle classification system.
  • Enhanced awareness of complex sternalis variations can prevent misdiagnosis in radiological imaging.
  • Improved anatomical knowledge aids surgeons in avoiding complications during thoracic interventions.