Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Individuals: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management

Coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are endemic mycoses caused by the Coccidioides species and Histoplasma capsulatum, respectively. While these fungal infections are often associated with immunocompromised individuals, they pose significant risks to immunocompetent hosts. This review comprehensively analyzes these infections in immunocompetent individuals, focusing on clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. The current understanding of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis in immunocompetent individuals includes their clinical presentations, diagnostic methodologies, and treatment options. A literature review encompassed recent studies, clinical guidelines, and expert opinions. Data were analyzed to highlight critical aspects of the clinical manifestations, diagnostic processes, and management of these infections in immunocompetent patients. Coccidioidomycosis typically presents with pulmonary symptoms that may range from mild to severe and can include chronic and disseminated forms. Histoplasmosis also presents a spectrum of pulmonary symptoms with the potential for extrapulmonary dissemination. Diagnostic approaches for both infections involve clinical evaluation, serological tests, culture, and imaging studies. Management strategies include antifungal therapies such as fluconazole and itraconazole for coccidioidomycosis and itraconazole and amphotericin B for histoplasmosis, with treatment duration and monitoring tailored to the severity of the infection. Coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis can significantly affect immunocompetent individuals, with clinical presentations varying widely from mild to severe. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for optimal outcomes. This review underscores the importance of awareness and timely intervention in managing these endemic mycoses and highlights the need for continued research into better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.