Design and tuning of S-band traveling wave accelerating structures for Hefei Advanced Light Facility

The Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) injector comprises 40 S-band 3-m traveling wave accelerating structures, capable of delivering electrons with a full energy of 2.2 GeV into the storage ring. To mitigate emittance degradation caused by field asymmetry in the coupler cavity, the coupler design incorporates a racetrack and a short-circuit waveguide. This paper introduces the microwave design and provides the parameters of the HALF accelerating structure. Two design methods for couplers were compared, and the effectiveness of using the undercoupling (for which the coupling coefficient β calculated by Kyhl's method is less than 1) to match the output coupler was experimentally demonstrated. The nodal-shift method and bead-pull method were used to test and tune the structures of different output coupler designs during the cold test, demonstrating the tuning results under actual conditions. Experiments were conducted under different load conditions to calculate the local reflection coefficient of the output coupler. The results show that both the accelerating structure design and the tuning results meet the HALF requirements.